Active, physical 2.5D \/ 3D topographic \/ volumetric displays<\/p>\n
inFORM pdf<\/a> Relief<\/a>: A Scalable Actuated Shape Display pdf<\/a> FEELEX by Iwata et al. Lumen: a Shape Changing Display by Poupyrev et al.<\/a> The Terrain Table by Northrop Grumman Digital Clay by Haihong<\/p>\n
\n Shape Display
\nThe system uses 30 x 30 motorized white polystyrene pins,
\nin a 381 x 381 mm area. The pins have a 9.525 mm2
\nfoot-print, with 3.175 mm inter-pin spacing, and can extend up to
\n100 mm from the surface. Push-Pull rods are used to link
\neach pin with an actuator, to enable a dense pin arrangement
\nindependent of actuator size, giving the system a height of
\n1100 mm. The linkage, a nylon rod inside a plastic housing
\n(Sullivan Gold-N-Rods), transmits bi-directional force from
\na motorized slide potentiometer (ALPS RSA0N11M9A07),
\nthrough a bend. Six slide potentiometers are mounted onto a
\ncustom-designed PCB, powered by an Atmel ATMega 2560,
\nand TB6612FNGCT-ND motor drivers. The linear positions
\nare read by the 10-bit A\/D converters on the microcontroller,
\nand allow for user input, in addition to servoing their position
\nusing PID control.
\n150 boards are arranged in 15 rows of vertical panels, each
\nwith 5 x 2 boards. The boards communicate with a PC over
\nfive RS485 buses bridged to USB. The system has a 60 Hz
\nrefresh rate, determined by the 115200 bps RS485 bus speed,
\nthe 8 byte control message, and 30 boards on each RS485 bus.
\nFor each pin, we can update both position and PID terms to
\nprovide haptic feedback and variable stiffness, for example,
\nto create haptic detents or buttons that are harder to press.
\nThis control also allows us to limit power consumption per
\npin to avoid burning out the motors.<\/p>\n
\n
\n An array of 120 aluminum pins built into a circular tabletop. The pins are spaced 1.5 inches apart from each other and can protrude 5 inches from the table surface.
\nEvery pin is actuated by an electric slide potentiometer, commonly utilized in audio mixing boards. The advantage of using electric slide poten
\ntiometers is fast actuation combined with very precise sensing in a relatively compact package. Each potentiometer is equipped with a DC motor, which is controlled by an Arduino board with an attached Ladyada motor shield. As each of these boards can drive 4 motors, 32 boards are used in our current setup <\/p>\n
\n -36 motorized pins actuate the shape of a soft surface, onto which graphics are projected. <\/p>\n
\n -utilizes shape memory alloy to actuate pixels on a tabletop display. <\/p>\n
\n -A large high-resolution tabletop pin display utilized for geospatial
\nmilitary applications<\/p>\n